EAICS Courses offered (Programs) Quick Guide
East Africa Institute of Certified Studies Nairobi is education institution in Africa and here we have discussed about East Africa Institute of Certified Studies Nairobi Courses offered for undergraduate courses, PhD courses, postgraduate courses, Masters and research degrees. East Africa Institute of Certified Studies Nairobi offers courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees such as bachelor degrees, master degrees, doctorate degrees in several areas of study.
List of courses at East Africa Institute of Certified Studies Nairobi
SCHOOL OF ICT AND ENGINEERING
Certificate Courses
- Information Communication Technology (KNEC)
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering (KNEC)
- Automotive Engineering (KNEC)
- Mechanical Engineering (KNEC)
- Computer Packages
- International Computer Driving License (ICDL)
- Operating Systems
- Computer-Aided Graphic Design
- Certificate Aided Design
- Web Design and Development
- Computer Programming Languages
- Microsoft Office (Advanced Training)
- CISCO Networking Academy (CISCO)
- Computerized Animation
- Digital Media Packages
- Statistical Packages
- Financial Accounting Applications
- Plumbing Artisan
- Electrical Installation Artisan
- Motor Vehicle Mechanic Artisan
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
CERTIFICATE COURSES
- Business Management (KNEC)
- Human Resource Management (KNEC)
- Supply Chain Management (KNEC)
- Sales and Marketing (KNEC)
- Secretarial Studies(KNEC)
- Road Transport Management (KNEC)
- Project Management (KNEC)
- Maritime Transport Logistics (KNEC)
- Information Studies(KNEC)
- Accounting/Accountancy (KNEC)
- Supplies Management (KNEC)
- Banking and Finance (KNEC)
- Business Administration(KNEC)
- Office Management (ICM)
- Accounting and Finance (ICM)
- Sales and Marketing (ICM)
- Accounts -ATD
- Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
- Certified Secretaries (KASNEB)
- Certified Human Resource Professional (HRMPEB)
- Storekeeping Artisan (KNEC)
- Salesmanship Artisan (KNEC)
- Certificate in Accounting and Management skills (CAMS) (KASNEB)
- Certificate in Business Essentials (ABE-UK)
- Certified Investment and Financial Analysts (CIFA) (KASNEB)
- Certified Credit Professionals (KASNEB)
- Certificate in Setting up your own business (ABE-UK)
- Certificate in Business Startup (ABE-UK)
- Certificate in Digital Marketing Essentials (ABE-UK)
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Business Management (KNEC)
- Human Resource Management (KNEC)
- Supply Chain Management (KNEC)
- Sales and Marketing (KNEC)
- Secretarial Studies (KNEC)
- Road Transport Management (KNEC)
- Project Management (KNEC)
- Maritime Transport Logistics (KNEC)
- Accounting/Accountancy (KNEC)
- Supplies Management (KNEC)
- Banking and Finance (KNEC)
- Business Administration(KNEC)
- Front-office Operations and Administration Single Subject (ICM)
- Purchasing and Supply Management (ICM)
- Customer Service Single subject (ICM)
- Office Management (ICM)
- Accounting and Finance (ICM)
- Sales and Marketing (ICM)
- Human Resource Management (ABMA)
- Shipping and Logistics (ABMA)
- Business Management (ABE)
- Business Management and HR (ABE-UK)
- Business management and Marketing(ABE-UK)
- Business Management (ABE-UK)
SCHOOL OF BEAUTY AND HAIRDRESSING
CERTIFICATE COURSES
- Hair Dressing
- Beauty Therapy
- Cosmetology
- Interior Design
- Fashion Design and Cloth Technology
- Fashion Design and Cloth Technology (KNEC)
- Barbering
- Shape Eyebrows
- Waxing
- Ear Piercing
- Spa Treatment
- Dreadlocks
- Natural Hair Care
- Advance Weaving
- Thermal Styling
- Hair Product
- Advance Make-up
- Nail Art
- Shaving Tech
- Manicure
- Pedicure
- Facial
- Geo Polish
- Plaiting
- Nail Technology
- Massage Therapy
- Reflexology
- Salon Management
- Training of Trainers
- Garmet making(KNEC)
- Dressmaking
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Hair Dressing
- Beauty Therapy
- Cosmetology
- Interior Design
- Fashion Design and Cloth Technology
- Fashion Design and Cloth Technology (KNEC)
- diploma-in-cosmetology
School of Hospitality and Languages
CERTIFICATE COURSES
- Food & Beverage Production and Services (KNEC)
- Tourism Management (KNEC)
- Catering and Accommodation Management (KNEC)
- Tour Guiding Operations (KNEC)
- Housekeeping and Laundry Operations (KNEC)
- Bakery Technology
- Tourism and Business Studies (ICM)
- Hotel & Catering Supervision (ICM)
- Hospitality Management (ICM)
- French (A-F)
- English (IELTS)
- Pastry (NVCET)
- Cookery (NVCET)
- Bakery (NVCET)
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Food & Beverage Production and Services (KNEC)
- Tourism Management (KNEC)
- Catering and Accommodation Management (KNEC)
- Tour Guiding Management
- Housekeeping and Laundry Management (KNEC)
- Bakery Technology (KNEC)
- Tourism & Business Studies (ICM)
- Hotel & Catering Law (ICM)
- Tour Operations (ICM)
- Restaurant Services (ICM)
- Food and Beverage Management (ICM)
- Housekeeping and Accommodation Studies (ICM)
- Hospitality Management (ICM)
- Air Travel (IATA)
- Cargo Handling (IATA)
- Airline Cabin Crew (IATA)
- Consultancy in Travel and Tourism (IATA)
- Foundation in Travel and Tourism (IATA)
- Management in Travel and Tourism (IATA)
- Airport Operations (IATA)
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
CERTIFICATE COURSES
- Project Management (KNEC)
- Early Childhood Development and Education (KNEC)
- Social Work and Community Development (KNEC)
- Nutrition and Dietetics(KNEC)
- Supervision Management (CIC-UK)
- HIV testing and Counseling (NASCOP)
- Criminology
- Security Management
- Community Development
- Disaster Management (JP-UK)
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Project Management (KNEC)
- Early Childhood Development and Education (KNEC)
- Social Work and Community Development (KNEC)
- Counseling (KNEC)
- HIV Testing and Counseling (KNEC)
- Nutrition and Dietetic(KNEC)
- Community Development (ABMA)
- HIV/AIDS Management (ABMA)
- Criminal Law (ICM)
- Logistics/material and Supply Chain Management (CIC-UK)
- Events Management (CIC-UK)
- Leadership Studies single-subject (ICM)
- Disaster Management
- Social work and community development
- Criminology
- Security Management
- Community Development
SCHOOL OF MEDIA STUDIES
CERTIFICATE COURSES
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Diploma Journalism(KNEC)
- Advanced Diploma Journalism & Media Studies
- Marketing Advertising and PR (ICM)
- Advanced Diploma Marketing Advertising and PR (ICM)
- Journalism (ICM)
Short Courses
- Leadership Skills
- Customer Service Skills
- Social Research Methods and Skills
- Stress Management and Counseling Skills
- First Aid
- Supervisory Skills
- Proposal Development Writing Skills
- Entrepreneurship Skills
- Communication Skills
- Project Planning and Management Skills
- NGO and CBO Management Skills
- Community Capacity Building and Participation Skills
- Resource Mobilization and Fund Raising Skills
- Social Marketing and Welfare Skills
- Nutrition and Dietetics Skills
- Conflict Response and Management Skills
- Humanitarian Management Skills
- Report Writing and Presentation Skills
- Disaster and Crisis Management Skills
- Life Skills
- HIV/AIDS Home Based Care
- Gender Empowerment and Development
- Psychological Debriefing and Trauma Skills
- Child and Adolescent Counseling
- HIV/AIDS Management and Counseling Skills
- Drug and Substance Abuse/ Addiction
- Strategic Planning and Management Skills
- Corporate Governance
- Management Information System Skills
- Business Communication Skills
- Human Resource Management Skills
- Management Organization Skills
- Business Development and Management Skills
- Public Relations Skills
- Sales and Marketing Skills
- Front Office Operations Skills
- Social Marketing Skills
- Career and Vocational Counseling Skills
- Basic Counseling Skills and Process
- Criminology Skills
- Human Sexuality and Sexual Abuse
- Training of Trainers (TOT)
- Monitoring and Evaluation Skills
- Career and Vocational Counseling Skills
- Antiretroviral Therapy
- Peace Building and Reconciliation Skills
- Basic Financial Accounting Skills
SCHOOL OF DRIVING
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION
– Copy of National ID
– 2 Colored Passport Size Photographs.
Mode of Classes
- Classes are conducted from Monday –Saturday at your chosen time as from 6Am-8Pm.
- Early classes, Public Holiday classes and Sunday classes are available upon request.
- Crush programs are available at no extra fee.
COURSE OUTLINE
- FUNDAMENTAL DRIVING RULES
- TRAFFIC RULES REGULATIONS
- HIGHWAY ROADS CODES
- THEORY &VIDEO LESSONS
- HUMAN FACTOR IN TRAFFIC
- TOWN MODEL
- PRACTICAL’S (DRIVING LESSONS)
- FIRST AID
- VEHICLES COMPONENTS
- BASIC MECHANICAL TRAINING
- DEFENSIVE DRIVING TRAINING.
Requirements for Driving Lessons
- Provisional driving license (PDL)
- Flat closed shoes/Rubber shoes.
Driving School Fee Structure 2020/2021
COURSE
CATEGORY
DURATION
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
EXAM BODY
TOTAL FEES ALL INCL.
Light Motorcycle (<50 cc)
A2
4 weeks
Age; 16 years
NTSA
6,000
Motorcycle Taxi (<100cc)
A3
4 weeks
Age; 18 years
NTSA
6,500
Tuk-Tuk (Three-Wheeler)
A3
4 weeks
Age; 18 years
NTSA
8,000
Light Vehicle Manual
B
4 weeks
Age; 18 years
NTSA
12,000
Light Vehicle Automatic
B
4 weeks
Age; 18 years
NTSA
12,000
Light Vehicle (< 7 Passengers)
B
4 weeks
Age; 18 years
NTSA
13,000
Light Vehicle Professional
B
4 weeks
Age; 21 years
NTSA
13,000
Light Truck
C1
4 weeks
Age; 22 years
NTSA
13,000
Medium Truck
C
4 weeks
2yrs Experience in C1
NTSA
14,000
B & C Combined
B&C
4weeks
Age; over 18 years
NTSA
17,000
Heavy Truck with Trailer
CE
4 weeks
4yrs Experience in C
NTSA
30,000
Van (PSV)
D1
4 weeks
Age; 22 years
NTSA
13,000
Minibus (PSV)
D2
4 weeks
3yrs Experience in D1
NTSA
13,000
Large bus (PSV)
D3
4 weeks
3yrs Experience in D2
NTSA
15,000
Special Professional Drivers’ License
(CLASS E)Any Vehicle Classified Under Categories C1, C, CE, D, D1, D2,D3
EC1, EC, ECE, ED, ED1, ED2, ECD
3 MONTHS
Age; 21 years
NTSA
15,000
Special Driver’s License For PLWD
F
3 months
Age; 18 years
NTSA
15,000
Plant Operator (Any 4 Machines)
G
4 weeks
Driving License
NTSA
60,000
Plant Operator (Any 6 Machines)
G
8 weeks
Driving License
NTSA
80,000
Plant Operator (Any 8 Machines)
G
10 weeks
Driving License
NTSA
100,000
NB: -The Fee Structure is inclusive of tuition fee, theory book, application of Provisional driving license (PDL) and booking of test from NTSA.
On successful completion of the course, the students will be awarded with Certificate of Competency.
FEE STRUCTURE FOR ADDITIONAL COURSES.
1.Refresher Classes(Practical Only)
Class A =Kshs 500 per lesson
Class B= Manual Kshs 500 per lesson
Class B= Automatic Kshs 500 per lesson
Class C1= Manual Kshs 500 per lesson
2.Theory and test.
Class A= Kshs 4500
Class B= Manual Kshs6,000
Class B = Automatic Kshs 6,000
Class C1 = Manual Kshs 7,00
SCHOOL OF ICT AND ENGINEERING
Certificate Courses
- Information Communication Technology (KNEC)
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering (KNEC)
- Automotive Engineering (KNEC)
- Mechanical Engineering (KNEC)
- Computer Packages
- International Computer Driving License (ICDL)
- Operating Systems
- Computer-Aided Graphic Design
- Certificate Aided Design
- Web Design and Development
- Computer Programming Languages
- Microsoft Office (Advanced Training)
- CISCO Networking Academy (CISCO)
- Computerized Animation
- Digital Media Packages
- Statistical Packages
- Financial Accounting Applications
- Plumbing Artisan
- Electrical Installation Artisan
- Motor Vehicle Mechanic Artisan
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
CERTIFICATE COURSES
- Business Management (KNEC)
- Human Resource Management (KNEC)
- Supply Chain Management (KNEC)
- Sales and Marketing (KNEC)
- Secretarial Studies(KNEC)
- Road Transport Management (KNEC)
- Project Management (KNEC)
- Maritime Transport Logistics (KNEC)
- Information Studies(KNEC)
- Accounting/Accountancy (KNEC)
- Supplies Management (KNEC)
- Banking and Finance (KNEC)
- Business Administration(KNEC)
- Office Management (ICM)
- Accounting and Finance (ICM)
- Sales and Marketing (ICM)
- Accounts -ATD
- Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
- Certified Secretaries (KASNEB)
- Certified Human Resource Professional (HRMPEB)
- Storekeeping Artisan (KNEC)
- Salesmanship Artisan (KNEC)
- Certificate in Accounting and Management skills (CAMS) (KASNEB)
- Certificate in Business Essentials (ABE-UK)
- Certified Investment and Financial Analysts (CIFA) (KASNEB)
- Certified Credit Professionals (KASNEB)
- Certificate in Setting up your own business (ABE-UK)
- Certificate in Business Startup (ABE-UK)
- Certificate in Digital Marketing Essentials (ABE-UK)
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Business Management (KNEC)
- Human Resource Management (KNEC)
- Supply Chain Management (KNEC)
- Sales and Marketing (KNEC)
- Secretarial Studies (KNEC)
- Road Transport Management (KNEC)
- Project Management (KNEC)
- Maritime Transport Logistics (KNEC)
- Accounting/Accountancy (KNEC)
- Supplies Management (KNEC)
- Banking and Finance (KNEC)
- Business Administration(KNEC)
- Front-office Operations and Administration Single Subject (ICM)
- Purchasing and Supply Management (ICM)
- Customer Service Single subject (ICM)
- Office Management (ICM)
- Accounting and Finance (ICM)
- Sales and Marketing (ICM)
- Human Resource Management (ABMA)
- Shipping and Logistics (ABMA)
- Business Management (ABE)
- Business Management and HR (ABE-UK)
- Business management and Marketing(ABE-UK)
- Business Management (ABE-UK)
SCHOOL OF BEAUTY AND HAIRDRESSING
CERTIFICATE COURSES
- Hair Dressing
- Beauty Therapy
- Cosmetology
- Interior Design
- Fashion Design and Cloth Technology
- Fashion Design and Cloth Technology (KNEC)
- Barbering
- Shape Eyebrows
- Waxing
- Ear Piercing
- Spa Treatment
- Dreadlocks
- Natural Hair Care
- Advance Weaving
- Thermal Styling
- Hair Product
- Advance Make-up
- Nail Art
- Shaving Tech
- Manicure
- Pedicure
- Facial
- Geo Polish
- Plaiting
- Nail Technology
- Massage Therapy
- Reflexology
- Salon Management
- Training of Trainers
- Garmet making(KNEC)
- Dressmaking
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Hair Dressing
- Beauty Therapy
- Cosmetology
- Interior Design
- Fashion Design and Cloth Technology
- Fashion Design and Cloth Technology (KNEC)
- diploma-in-cosmetology
School of Hospitality and Languages
CERTIFICATE COURSES
- Food & Beverage Production and Services (KNEC)
- Tourism Management (KNEC)
- Catering and Accommodation Management (KNEC)
- Tour Guiding Operations (KNEC)
- Housekeeping and Laundry Operations (KNEC)
- Bakery Technology
- Tourism and Business Studies (ICM)
- Hotel & Catering Supervision (ICM)
- Hospitality Management (ICM)
- French (A-F)
- English (IELTS)
- Pastry (NVCET)
- Cookery (NVCET)
- Bakery (NVCET)
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Food & Beverage Production and Services (KNEC)
- Tourism Management (KNEC)
- Catering and Accommodation Management (KNEC)
- Tour Guiding Management
- Housekeeping and Laundry Management (KNEC)
- Bakery Technology (KNEC)
- Tourism & Business Studies (ICM)
- Hotel & Catering Law (ICM)
- Tour Operations (ICM)
- Restaurant Services (ICM)
- Food and Beverage Management (ICM)
- Housekeeping and Accommodation Studies (ICM)
- Hospitality Management (ICM)
- Air Travel (IATA)
- Cargo Handling (IATA)
- Airline Cabin Crew (IATA)
- Consultancy in Travel and Tourism (IATA)
- Foundation in Travel and Tourism (IATA)
- Management in Travel and Tourism (IATA)
- Airport Operations (IATA)
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
CERTIFICATE COURSES
- Project Management (KNEC)
- Early Childhood Development and Education (KNEC)
- Social Work and Community Development (KNEC)
- Nutrition and Dietetics(KNEC)
- Supervision Management (CIC-UK)
- HIV testing and Counseling (NASCOP)
- Criminology
- Security Management
- Community Development
- Disaster Management (JP-UK)
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Project Management (KNEC)
- Early Childhood Development and Education (KNEC)
- Social Work and Community Development (KNEC)
- Counseling (KNEC)
- HIV Testing and Counseling (KNEC)
- Nutrition and Dietetic(KNEC)
- Community Development (ABMA)
- HIV/AIDS Management (ABMA)
- Criminal Law (ICM)
- Logistics/material and Supply Chain Management (CIC-UK)
- Events Management (CIC-UK)
- Leadership Studies single-subject (ICM)
- Disaster Management
- Social work and community development
- Criminology
- Security Management
- Community Development
SCHOOL OF MEDIA STUDIES
CERTIFICATE COURSES
DIPLOMA COURSES
- Diploma Journalism(KNEC)
- Advanced Diploma Journalism & Media Studies
- Marketing Advertising and PR (ICM)
- Advanced Diploma Marketing Advertising and PR (ICM)
- Journalism (ICM)
Short Courses
- Leadership Skills
- Customer Service Skills
- Social Research Methods and Skills
- Stress Management and Counseling Skills
- First Aid
- Supervisory Skills
- Proposal Development Writing Skills
- Entrepreneurship Skills
- Communication Skills
- Project Planning and Management Skills
- NGO and CBO Management Skills
- Community Capacity Building and Participation Skills
- Resource Mobilization and Fund Raising Skills
- Social Marketing and Welfare Skills
- Nutrition and Dietetics Skills
- Conflict Response and Management Skills
- Humanitarian Management Skills
- Report Writing and Presentation Skills
- Disaster and Crisis Management Skills
- Life Skills
- HIV/AIDS Home Based Care
- Gender Empowerment and Development
- Psychological Debriefing and Trauma Skills
- Child and Adolescent Counseling
- HIV/AIDS Management and Counseling Skills
- Drug and Substance Abuse/ Addiction
- Strategic Planning and Management Skills
- Corporate Governance
- Management Information System Skills
- Business Communication Skills
- Human Resource Management Skills
- Management Organization Skills
- Business Development and Management Skills
- Public Relations Skills
- Sales and Marketing Skills
- Front Office Operations Skills
- Social Marketing Skills
- Career and Vocational Counseling Skills
- Basic Counseling Skills and Process
- Criminology Skills
- Human Sexuality and Sexual Abuse
- Training of Trainers (TOT)
- Monitoring and Evaluation Skills
- Career and Vocational Counseling Skills
- Antiretroviral Therapy
- Peace Building and Reconciliation Skills
- Basic Financial Accounting Skills
SCHOOL OF DRIVING
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION
– Copy of National ID
– 2 Colored Passport Size Photographs.
Mode of Classes
- Classes are conducted from Monday –Saturday at your chosen time as from 6Am-8Pm.
- Early classes, Public Holiday classes and Sunday classes are available upon request.
- Crush programs are available at no extra fee.
COURSE OUTLINE
- FUNDAMENTAL DRIVING RULES
- TRAFFIC RULES REGULATIONS
- HIGHWAY ROADS CODES
- THEORY &VIDEO LESSONS
- HUMAN FACTOR IN TRAFFIC
- TOWN MODEL
- PRACTICAL’S (DRIVING LESSONS)
- FIRST AID
- VEHICLES COMPONENTS
- BASIC MECHANICAL TRAINING
- DEFENSIVE DRIVING TRAINING.
Requirements for Driving Lessons
- Provisional driving license (PDL)
- Flat closed shoes/Rubber shoes.
Driving School Fee Structure 2020/2021
| COURSE | CATEGORY | DURATION | MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS | EXAM BODY | TOTAL FEES ALL INCL. |
| Light Motorcycle (<50 cc) | A2 | 4 weeks | Age; 16 years | NTSA | 6,000 |
| Motorcycle Taxi (<100cc) | A3 | 4 weeks | Age; 18 years | NTSA | 6,500 |
| Tuk-Tuk (Three-Wheeler) | A3 | 4 weeks | Age; 18 years | NTSA | 8,000 |
| Light Vehicle Manual | B | 4 weeks | Age; 18 years | NTSA | 12,000 |
| Light Vehicle Automatic | B | 4 weeks | Age; 18 years | NTSA | 12,000 |
| Light Vehicle (< 7 Passengers) | B | 4 weeks | Age; 18 years | NTSA | 13,000 |
| Light Vehicle Professional | B | 4 weeks | Age; 21 years | NTSA | 13,000 |
| Light Truck | C1 | 4 weeks | Age; 22 years | NTSA | 13,000 |
| Medium Truck | C | 4 weeks | 2yrs Experience in C1 | NTSA | 14,000 |
| B & C Combined | B&C | 4weeks | Age; over 18 years | NTSA | 17,000 |
| Heavy Truck with Trailer | CE | 4 weeks | 4yrs Experience in C | NTSA | 30,000 |
| Van (PSV) | D1 | 4 weeks | Age; 22 years | NTSA | 13,000 |
| Minibus (PSV) | D2 | 4 weeks | 3yrs Experience in D1 | NTSA | 13,000 |
| Large bus (PSV) | D3 | 4 weeks | 3yrs Experience in D2 | NTSA | 15,000 |
| Special Professional Drivers’ License
(CLASS E)Any Vehicle Classified Under Categories C1, C, CE, D, D1, D2,D3 |
EC1, EC, ECE, ED, ED1, ED2, ECD | 3 MONTHS | Age; 21 years | NTSA | 15,000 |
| Special Driver’s License For PLWD | F | 3 months | Age; 18 years | NTSA | 15,000 |
| Plant Operator (Any 4 Machines) | G | 4 weeks | Driving License | NTSA | 60,000 |
| Plant Operator (Any 6 Machines) | G | 8 weeks | Driving License | NTSA | 80,000 |
| Plant Operator (Any 8 Machines) | G | 10 weeks | Driving License | NTSA | 100,000 |
NB: -The Fee Structure is inclusive of tuition fee, theory book, application of Provisional driving license (PDL) and booking of test from NTSA.
On successful completion of the course, the students will be awarded with Certificate of Competency.
FEE STRUCTURE FOR ADDITIONAL COURSES.
1.Refresher Classes(Practical Only)
Class A =Kshs 500 per lesson
Class B= Manual Kshs 500 per lesson
Class B= Automatic Kshs 500 per lesson
Class C1= Manual Kshs 500 per lesson
2.Theory and test.
Class A= Kshs 4500
Class B= Manual Kshs6,000
Class B = Automatic Kshs 6,000
Class C1 = Manual Kshs 7,00
| Browse through the list of available courses at East Africa Institute of Certified Studies Nairobi to find the right course for you. |
Important: Please contact or visit the official website of East Africa Institute of Certified Studies Nairobi for detailed information at www.ics.ac.ke/ .